[Infectious, pathologic humeral fracture in a patient with sickle cell disease-A rare case?] / Infizierte, pathologische Humerusfraktur bei Sichelzellanämie ­ noch ein Einzelfall?

The vaso-occlusive crises of sickle cell disease are accompanied by bone necrosis, which favors endogenous bacterial colonization and thus osteomyelitis. This poses a major challenge for eradication and fracture management.A 22-year-old patient with sickle cell disease sustained a multifragmentary, humeral shaft fracture. During surgical management, pus drained from the fracture site and further diagnostic work-up revealed osteomyelitis with evidence of Klebsiella aerogenes. Septicemia due to Klebsiella aerogenes had been treated 5 months prior to the accident, which occured because of a vaso-occlusive crisis. This is associated with clustered bone necrosis and endogenous germ colonization. Eradication of the germs and fracture care become a challenge. Repeated surgical procedures with segmental transfer can be a successful treatment option.

Utility of histopathological examination in aseptic revision total hip arthroplasty: a preliminary analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The utility of a routine histopathological examination in aseptic revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) has not been well explored. We aim to describe the approach and present the results of histopathological examination, focusing on its clinical usefulness in the setting of aseptic revision THA. METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed 285 performed aseptic revision THA with available histopathological reports between 2015 and 2017 at a single institution. We described histopathological requests by the surgical team. Preoperative diagnoses, intraoperative findings, as well as histopathology and culture results were analysed. RESULTS: 13 painful THAs (4.5%) had preoperatively unknown diagnoses. In 10 of them, potential causes of pain were intraoperatively identified. Histopathology confirmed these findings in 8 THAs. 19 THAs (6.7%) revealed unexpected positive cultures (UPC). Histopathology was negative for infection in 18 of them. Among 16 consultants, 3 surgeons requested histopathology in 47% of the cases (130/285), usually to exclude infection (101/285; 35%). Documentation for tissue sample location was lacking in 51% (145/285), and for question asked by the surgeon in 47% (135/285). CONCLUSIONS: Histopathology is deemed a useful confirmatory tool in the context of ruling out infection in UPCs, and in documenting intraoperative findings in painful THAs with unknown preoperative diagnoses. Importantly, the approach to requesting histopathology should be optimised. Further large-scale studies, including cost analyses, are warranted to explore the usefulness of histopathology in routine utility.

Performance and Hypothetical Impact on Joint Infection Management of the BioFire Joint Infection Panel: a Retrospective Analysis.

Pathogen identification is key in septic arthritis. Culture-based techniques are challenging, especially when patients have been pretreated with antibiotics or when difficult-to-culture bacteria are encountered. The BioFire joint infection assay (BJA) is a multiplex PCR panel which detects 31 of the most prevalent bacterial and fungal pathogens causing septic arthritis. Here, 123 cryoconserved contemporary synovial fluid samples from 120 patients underwent BJA analysis. Results were compared to those of culture-based diagnostics (standard of care [SOC]). Clinical data were collected, and the possible impact of the molecular diagnostic application on patient management was evaluated. Fifteen of 123 synovial fluid cultures grew bacterial pathogens. All on-panel pathogens (9/15) were correctly identified by the BJA. The BJA identified four additional bacterial pathogens in four SOC-negative cases. BJA sensitivity and specificity were 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 69.2% to 100%) and 100% (95% CI, 96.8% to 100%), respectively. Compared to the SOC, the BJA would have resulted in faster provision of species identification and molecular susceptibility data by 49 h and 99 h, respectively. Clinical data analysis indicates that in BJA-positive cases, faster species ID could have led to timelier optimization of antibiotic therapy. This retrospective study demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity of the BJA to detect on-panel organisms in bacterial arthritis. The usefulness of the BJA in prosthetic-joint infections is limited, as important pathogens (i.e., coagulase negative staphylococci and Cutibacterium acnes) are not covered. Evidence from patient data analysis suggests that the assay might prove valuable for optimizing patient management in acute arthritis related to fastidious organisms or for patients who received antibiotics prior to specimen collection.

Genomics of Invasive Cutibacterium acnes Isolates from Deep-Seated Infections.

Cutibacterium acnes, formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes, is a commensal of the human pilosebaceous unit but also causes deep-seated infection, especially in the context of orthopedic and neurosurgical foreign materials. Interestingly, little is known about the role of specific pathogenicity factors for infection establishment. Here, 86 infection-associated and 103 commensalism-associated isolates of C. acnes were collected from three independent microbiology laboratories. We sequenced the whole genomes of the isolates for genotyping and a genome-wide association study (GWAS). We found that C. acnes subsp. acnes IA1 was the most significant phylotype among the infection isolates (48.3% of all infection isolates; odds ratio [OR] = 1.98 for infection). Among the commensal isolates, C. acnes subsp. acnes IB was the most significant phylotype (40.8% of all commensal isolates; OR = 0.5 for infection). Interestingly, C. acnes subsp. elongatum (III) was rare overall and did not occur at all in infection. The open reading frame-based GWAS (ORF-GWAS) did not show any loci with a strong signal for infection association (no P values of ≤0.05 after adjustment for multiple testing; no logarithmic OR [logOR] of ≥|2|). We concluded that all subspecies and phylotypes of C. acnes, possibly with the exception of C. acnes subsp. elongatum, are able to cause deep-seated infection given favorable conditions, most importantly related to inserted foreign material. Genetic content appears to have a small effect on the likelihood of infection establishment, and functional studies are needed to understand the individual factors contributing to deep-seated infections caused by C. acnes. IMPORTANCE Opportunistic infections emerging from human skin microbiota are of ever-increasing importance. Cutibacterium acnes, being abundant on the human skin, may cause deep-seated infections (e.g., device-associated infections). Differentiation between invasive (i.e., clinically significant) C. acnes isolates and sole contaminants is often difficult. Identification of genetic markers associated with invasiveness not only would strengthen our knowledge related to pathogenesis but also could open ways to selectively categorize invasive and contaminating isolates in the clinical microbiology lab. We show that in contrast to other opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus epidermidis), invasiveness is apparently a broadly distributed ability across almost all C. acnes subspecies and phylotypes. Thus, our work strongly supports an approach in which clinical significance is judged from clinical context rather than by detecting specific genetic traits.

Influence of Fracture Reduction on the Functional Outcome after Intramedullary Nail Osteosynthesis in Proximal Humerus Fractures.

Background: Optimal treatment of proximal humeral fractures (PHF) is still controversial. Therefore, we aim to investigate the influence of fracture reduction after intramedullary nailing of a PHF on the clinical outcome. Methods: Patients treated with intramedullary nail for PHF from 2013−2018, (minimum follow-up 12 months) were retrospectively included. Constant Score (CS), DASH and Simple Shoulder Test (SST) were collected. Postoperative radiographs were used to determine head-shaft-alignment (HSA), head-shaft-displacement (HSD), integrity of the medial hinge and the cranialization of the greater tuberosity (CGT). The results of fracture reduction were categorized as either "anatomical", "acceptable" or as "malreduction". Malreduction exists when at least one of the following parameters are present: HSA > 150/< 110°, HSD >5 mm, CTM > 5 mm or lack of integrity of the medial hinge. Results: 42 patients (mean age 65.5 ± 14.1 years, 15 male, 27 female) with a mean follow-up time of 43 months were included. The average CS was 60 ± 30, DASH 49.8 ± 24.3 and SST 62.9 ± 26.9. There was an "anatomic" reduction in 9 (21.4%), "acceptable" in 7 (16.6%) and a "malreduction" in 26 (62%) patients. Comparing the combined "anatomical" and "acceptable" reduction group with the "malreduction" group, worse scores were observed in the "malreduction" group (CS 67.2 vs. 55.2, DASH 45.2 vs. 51.9, SST: 69.3 vs. 58.6) without statistical significance (CS: p = 0.095, DASH: p = 0.307, SST: p = 0.400). By means of multiple logistic regression analyses no statistically significant risk factors were identified for lower DASH, CS and SST scores. Conclusions: Anatomical fracture reduction using intramedullary nails has a positive effect on postoperative outcome for the 3 scores recorded, without reaching statistical significance.

What Is the Impact of Automated Synovial Cell Counting on Different Aseptic Causes and Periprosthetic Conditions Associated With Revision THA?

BACKGROUND: Studies have suggested that automated synovial cell counting may overestimate the white blood cell (WBC) count, resulting in false positive tests when evaluating patients for the possibility of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after THA. However, associations between WBC counts high enough to mimic PJI in patients whose arthroplasties are not infected but rather are experiencing a variety of aseptic problems-including but not limited to metallosis, polyethylene wear, and recurrent dislocation-have not, to our knowledge, been adequately addressed. In addition, there is a lack of analyses about the polymorphonuclear percentage (PMN%) when assessed by automated analyzers in this context. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: In the context of different indications for aseptic revision and different periprosthetic hip pathologic findings, we asked: (1) What were the synovial WBC count levels, and what proportion of values were above the 2018 International Consensus Meeting (ICM) cutoff (3000 cells/µL)? (2) What were the synovial PMN% levels, and what proportion of values were above the 2018 ICM (70%)? METHODS: We retrospectively studied the preoperative cell count analyses of synovial fluid in patients who underwent revision THA for aseptic reasons at our tertiary referral arthroplasty center between January 2015 and December 2017. We considered all revisions performed on patients during that time potentially eligible, and after prespecified exclusions were applied (exclusions mainly included 15% [197 of 1306] sporadic missing data and 12% [155 of 1306] insufficient synovial fluid obtained in the aspirate), a total of 702 patients undergoing revision THA for aseptic reasons remained for the final analysis. As far as we know, no patients underwent re-revision for PJI at a mean follow-up of 46 ± 11 months, which tends to confirm our impression that indeed these hips did not have PJI. Cell count analyses were conducted using an automated analyzer. Clinical findings, preoperative radiographs, and surgical reports--confirmed by available histologic results--were used to establish diagnoses. We evaluated these hips considering the recommendations of the 2018 ICM (WBC count of 3000 cells/µL and PMN% of 70%) to see what proportion of them would have been characterized as likely having PJI on basis of those cutoff values. The mean WBC count for the entire cohort was 2120 ± 2395 cells/µL. The mean PMN% for the entire cohort was 36% ± 22%. RESULTS: Compared with aseptic loosening and recurrent dislocation, polyethylene wear had the highest mean WBC count (3817 ± 3711 cells/µL; p < 0.001). Of the investigated periprosthetic conditions, wear-induced synovitis had the highest value (4464 ± 3620 cells/µL; p < 0.001). Considering the ICM threshold, polyethylene wear showed the highest proportion of WBC counts above 3000 cells/µL among the indications for aseptic revision (60% [25 of 42]; p < 0.001). Of the periprosthetic conditions, wear-induced synovitis showed the highest proportion beyond the ICM cutoff (60% [50 of 83]; p < 0.001). The mean PMN% for aseptic causes ranged between 28% and 44% without differences among them (p = 0.12). Patients with metallosis had the highest mean PMN% of the periprosthetic conditions investigated (45% ± 25%; p = 0.007). Regarding the ICM threshold, metallosis resulted in the largest proportion of patients with a PMN% above 70% (21% [10 of 47]; p = 0.003), and that for wear-induced synovitis was 6% (5 of 83; p = 0.42) and for osteolysis was 3% (1 of 33; p = 0.51). There were no differences among aseptic loosening, recurrent dislocation, and polyethylene wear in terms of the proportion above 70% among the aseptic revision causes. CONCLUSION: Using automated cell counting, we found that WBC counts differ widely across indications for aseptic revision THA, and a high proportion of patients who underwent revision THA for aseptic reasons had WBC counts above the commonly used threshold of 3000 cells/µL. However, the PMN% was much less affected in several common indications for aseptic revision THA, making this measure more reliable for interpreting aspiration results using an automated analyzer. Based on the data distributions we observed, manual counting techniques might be considered in particular among patients with polyethylene wear, metal-on-metal bearing surfaces, or suspected metallosis. However, an elevated WBC count alone, observed using an automated analyzer in the context of polyethylene wear, should not be considered to be strongly suggestive of PJI, since that finding occurred so commonly among patients without infection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, diagnostic study.

Third day laboratory follow-up: mandatory for surgical site infections of tibial plateau fractures.

INTRODUCTION: Tibial plateau fractures are common fractures in adults and can be extremely challenging for surgeons. State-of-the-art therapy is open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), although major complications of ORIF are surgical site infections (SSIs). This is especially critical on the proximal tibia, which is only sparsely covered by soft tissue and has a close relation to the knee joint. We analyzed SSIs after ORIF to correlate established laboratory parameters to the occurrence of SSIs. METHODS: A monocentric case-control study in a Level 1 Trauma Center was conducted. Data were acquired from electronic medical records from 2011 until 2016. White blood cell count (WBC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were used as laboratory parameters and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 97 patients were included, with four patients suffering from SSIs. Patients with SSIs had a significantly increased WBC count and CRP levels on the third postoperative day. Infection was diagnosed after rehospitalization, 12 ± 4 weeks after initial surgery. Furthermore, a large bony destruction through trauma coincides with a rise of WBC count with no influence on CRP level. CONCLUSION: We highly recommend a laboratory analysis with WBC count and CRP on the third day after ORIF. Patients with a CRP level above 100 mg/l should be closely watched, even if laboratory parameters few days later are adequate-since a one-time increase above this landmark might be a hint regarding the development of a SSI.

High Rate of Reinfection With New Bacteria Following One-Stage Exchange for Enterococcal Periprosthetic Infection of the Knee: A Single-Center Study.

BACKGROUND: A wide range of success rates following the surgical management of enterococcal periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) with a tendency toward worse outcomes have been reported. However, the role of 1-stage exchange remains under-investigated. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate our results after the 1-stage knee exchange for enterococcal PJI. METHODS: Forty patients were retrospectively included between 2002 and 2017 with a mean follow-up of survivors of 80 months (range 22-172; standard deviation [SD] = 5). Polymicrobial infections occurred in 45% (18/40) of patients. Patients' characteristics, joint-related data, and antibiotic therapy were recorded. Rates of enterococcal infection relapse, reinfection with new microorganisms, and re-revision for any reason were determined. Bivariate analysis was conducted to identify risk factors of infection recurrence. RESULTS: Revision surgery was required in 22 cases (55%) with a mean time to revision surgery of 27 months (range 1-78; SD = 25). Indications for aseptic revisions (18%) included aseptic loosening (10%), periprosthetic fracture (5%), and patellar instability (3%). The most common cause of re-revision was a subsequent PJI (15/22; 68%) after a mean time of 22 months (range 1-77; SD = 24). Overall infection recurrence rate was 37.5% (15/40), substantially due to entirely non-enterococcal infections (9/15; 60%). Infection relapse with Enterococci occurred in 4 cases (10%) within 16 months postoperatively. Older patients (P = .05) and male gender (P = .05) were associated with a higher risk of infection recurrence. CONCLUSION: Overcoming the Enterococci using the 1-stage exchange for knee PJI is achievable but the rate of reinfection due to new microorganisms is high . However, the overall infection recurrence rate is comparable to other treatment approaches.

Conventional rotator cuff versus all-suture anchors-A biomechanical study focusing on the insertion angle in an unlimited cyclic model.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of an all-suture anchor to a conventional anchor used commonly in rotator cuff repairs. Furthermore, the biomechanical influence of various implantation angles was evaluated in both anchor types in a human cadaveric model. METHODS: 30 humeri were allocated into three groups with a similar bone density. The two different anchor types were inserted at a predefined angle of 45°, 90° or 110°. Biomechanical testing included an initial preload of 20N followed by a cyclic protocol with a stepwise increasing force of 0,05N for each cycle at a rate of 1Hz until system failure. Number of cycles, maximum load to failure, stiffness, displacement and failure mode were determined. RESULTS: 27 anchors failed by pullout. There was no significant difference between the conventional and the all-suture anchor regarding mean pullout strength. No considerable discrepancy in stiffness or displacement could be perceived. Comparing the three implantation angles no significant difference could be observed for the all-suture or the conventional anchor. CONCLUSION: All-suture anchors show similar biomechanical properties to conventional screw shaped anchors in an unlimited cyclic model. The exact insertion angle is not a significant predictor of failure.

ß-TCP bone substitutes in tibial plateau depression fractures.

BACKGROUND: The use of beta-tricalciumphospate (ß-TCP, Cerasorb®) ceramics as an alternative for autologous bone-grafting has been outlined previously, however with no study focusing on both clinical and histological outcomes of ß-TCP application in patients with multi-fragment tibial plateau fractures. The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term results of ß-TCP in patients with tibial plateau fractures. METHODS: 52 patients were included in this study. All patients underwent open surgery with ß-TCP block or granulate application. After a mean follow-up of 36months (14-64months), the patients were reviewed. Radiography and computed-tomography were performed, while the Rasmussen score was obtained for clinical outcome. Furthermore, seven patients underwent biopsy during hardware removal, which was subsequently analyzed by histology and backscattered electron microscopy (BSEM). RESULTS: An excellent reduction with two millimeters or less of residual incongruity was achieved in 83% of the patients. At follow-up, no further changes occurred and no nonunions were observed. Functional outcome was good to excellent in 82%. Four patients underwent revision surgery due to reasons unrelated to the bone substitute material. Histologic analyses indicated that new bone was built around the ß-TCP-grafts, however a complete resorption of ß-TCP was not observed. DISCUSSION: ß-TCP combined with internal fixation represents an effective and safe treatment of tibial plateau depression fractures with good functional recovery. While its osteoconductivity seems to be successful, the biological degradation and replacement of ß-TCP is less pronounced in humans than previous animal studies have indicated.

High incidence of osteochondral lesions after open reduction and internal fixation of displaced ankle fractures: Medium-term follow-up of 100 cases.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of osteochondral lesions (OCLs) in association with displaced ankle fractures has only been examined in two previous studies. In both studies magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed prior to open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Because MRI may overdiagnose or overestimate the extent of OCLs in an acute trauma setting the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of OCLs after ORIF of displaced ankle fractures using MRI at medium-term follow-up, and to analyse if the severity of fracture or the clinical outcome correlates with the incidence of OCLs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Following institutional review board approval a total of 100 patients (mean age, 41.3 years; range, 17.9-64.3 years) with a displaced ankle fracture who had undergone ORIF according to the AO principles were included in this study. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot score was used to quantify the clinical outcome and MR images were evaluated for OCLs of the talus and distal tibia after a mean of 34.5 months (range, 17.5-54.1 months). RESULTS: OCLs were found in 40.4% of the patients. Logistic regression revealed a significant correlation between the severity of fracture and the incidence of OCLs. Patients with a trimalleolar fracture (p=0.04) or an ankle fracture dislocation (p=0.003) had a significantly higher risk for developing an OCL compared to those with a type B fracture. Logistic regression also demonstrated a significant correlation between the clinical outcome (AOFAS score) and the incidence of OCLs (p=0.01). The risk for developing an OCL increases up to 5.6% when the AOFAS score decreases by one point. CONCLUSION: OCLs were frequently found in association with acute ankle fractures at medium-term follow-up, and the severity of fracture was associated with an increased number of OCLs. Considering the disadvantages of MRI including the high cost and limited availability, the results of this study may help to explain why anatomic surgical realignment of displaced ankle fractures may still be associated with poor clinical outcomes.

Fungal periprosthetic joint infection in total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review.

Fungal periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a rare but devastating complication following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A standardized procedure regarding an accurate treatment of this serious complication of knee arthroplasty is lacking. In this systematic review, we collected data from 36 studies with a total of 45 reported cases of a TKA complicated by a fungal PJI. Subsequently, an analysis focusing on diagnostic, medicaments and surgical procedures in the pre-, intra- and postoperative period was performed. Candida spp. accounts for about 80% (36 out of 45 cases) of fungal PJIs and is therefore the most frequently reported pathogen. A systemic antifungal therapy was administered in all but one patient whereas a local antifungal therapy, e.g. the use of an impregnated spacer, is of inferior relevance. Resection arthroplasty with delayed re-implantation (two-stage revision) was the surgical treatment of choice. However, in 50% of all reported cases the surgical therapy was heterogeneous. The outcome under a combined therapy was moderate with recurrent fungal PJI in 11 patients and subsequent bacterial PJI as a main complication in 5 patients. In summary, this systematic review integrates data from up to date 45 reported cases of a fungal PJI of a TKA. On the basis of the current literature strategies for the treatment of this devastating complication after TKA are discussed.

Fungal periprosthetic joint infection of the hip: a systematic review.

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a severe complication of total joint arthroplasty with an incidence of approximately 1%. Due to the high risk of persisting infection, successful treatment of fungal PJI is challenging. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the current management of fungal PJI of the hip and, by systematically reviewing the cases published so far, to further improve the medical treatment of this serious complication of total hip arthroplasty. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of the available literature concerning fungal PJI in total hip arthroplasty, including 45 cases of fungal PJI. At the moment a two-stage revision procedure is favorable and there is an ongoing discussion on the therapeutic effect of antifungal drug loaded cement spacers on fungal periprosthetic infections of the hip. Due to the fact that there is rare experience with it, there is urgent need to establish guidelines for the treatment of fungal infections of total hip arthroplasty.

Are patients with preoperative air travel at higher risk for venous thromboembolism following primary total hip and knee arthroplasty?

BACKGROUND: The advent of international medical travel has resulted in many patients travelling abroad to seek medical attention at foreign institutions. However, it is not known whether long-haul flights further increase the risk of VTE in patients who are to receive a joint replacement. OBJECTIVES: We performed this retrospective cohort study to analyze if patients with preoperative air travel with a flight time more than four hours are at higher risk for VTE development following total knee or total hip athroplasty (THA) compared to patients without preoperative travel. METHODS: Between January 2007 and December 2012, 245 patients were treated with either a primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) with preoperative air travel with a flight time more than 4 hours at our institution. One-hundred fifty five patients (n= 87 THA and n= 68 TKA) out of 245 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in this study. A total of 187 patients (n= 92 THA and n= 95 TKA) without bus, air or car travel longer than 30 minutes met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in this study as controls. RESULTS: Patients with preoperative air travel were not at higher risk for VTE development compared to patients without preoperative air travel following TKA (HR = 0.95; 95%CI = 0.14-6.52). Gender (HR = 0.41; 95%CI = 0.05-3.56) and age (HR = 3.77; 95%CI = 0.63-22.37) did not influence the VTE development in TKA patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our study results show that preoperative air travel do not further increase the risk of VTE after TKA and THA.

Percutaneous cementation: a case of a failed treatment of a loose revision total knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Total joint replacements provide many benefits to patients but expose them to a variety of possible complications. Revision surgery is demanding and associated to a greater number of risks and possible complications than primary joint replacement. OBJECTIVE: We describe the unsuccessful technique of percutaneous cementing in a loosened revision total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: We report on a 66-year old male patient, admitted to our clinic with a painful left knee, four months after percutaneous cementation without implant exchange of the loosened rotating hinge implant was performed. RESULTS: Although less demanding, for the surgeon and the patient, it resulted in a delayed revision surgery. This attempt at avoiding revision surgery could have led to even further complications. CONCLUSIONS: This case emphasizes the need to avoid novel techniques on patients, with no previous studies and to refer these patients to specialized joint replacement centers for revision surgery.

Tantalum acetabular augments in one-stage exchange of infected total hip arthroplasty: a case-control study.

During the one-stage exchange procedure for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total hip arthroplasty (THA), acetabular defects challenge reconstructive options. Porous tantalum augments are an established tool for addressing acetabular destruction in aseptic cases, but their utility in septic exchange is unknown. This retrospective case-control study presents the initial results of tantalum augmentation during one-stage exchange for PJI. Primary endpoints were rates of re-infection and short-term complications associated with this technique. Study patients had no higher risk of re-infection with equivalent durability at early follow-up with a re-infection rate in both groups of 4%. In conclusion, tantalum augments are a viable option for addressing acetabular defects in one-stage exchange for septic THA. Further study is necessary to assess long-term durability when compared to traditional techniques for acetabular reconstruction.

Intrapelvic dislocation of a femoral trial head during primary total hip arthroplasty requiring laparotomy for retrieval.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a safe and reliable surgical procedure. However, THA also has intra- and postoperative complications. A dreaded and frustrating intraoperative complication during total hip arthroplasty is dislocation of the femoral trial head from the neck into the pelvis. METHODS: Here, we report on the case of a 71-year old female patient with osteoarthritis of the left hip. Total hip arthroplasty was performed in a lateral position through a standard posterior approach. During intraoperative trial reduction, the femoral trial head dissociated from the taper and dislocated into the psoas compartment. Several unsuccessful attempts, including an additional ventral approach, were made to immediately retrieve the femoral trial head. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: Postoperative a Computerized Tomography (CT) was performed to locate the trial head, a secondary explorative laparotomy was undertaken to retrieve it. The retrieval of the femoral trial head should be performed in a planned second surgical procedure to avoid possible complications during the manipulation necessary for retrieval.

Bone mineralization defects and vitamin D deficiency: histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 675 patients.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is only one measurable index of skeletal health, and we reasoned that a histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest biopsies would be another and even more direct approach to assess bone health and address the required minimum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level. A cohort from the northern European population with its known high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency therefore would be ideal to answer the latter question. We examined 675 iliac crest biopsies from male and female individuals, excluding all patients who showed any signs of secondary bone diseases at autopsy. Structural histomorphometric parameters, including osteoid indices, were quantified using the Osteomeasure System according to ASBMR standards, and serum 25(OH)D levels were measured for all patients. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t test. The histologic results demonstrate an unexpected high prevalence of mineralization defects, that is, a pathologic increase in osteoid. Indeed, 36.15% of the analyzed patients presented with an osteoid surface per bone surface (OS/BS) of more than 20%. Based on the most conservative threshold that defines osteomalacia at the histomorphometric level with a pathologic increase in osteoid volume per bone volume (OV/BV) greater than 2% manifest mineralization defects were present in 25.63% of the patients. The latter were found independent of bone volume per trabecular volume (BV/TV) throughout all ages and affected both sexes equally. While we could not establish a minimum 25(OH)D level that was inevitably associated with mineralization defects, we did not find pathologic accumulation of osteoid in any patient with circulating 25(OH)D above 75 nmol/L. Our data demonstrate that pathologic mineralization defects of bone occur in patients with a serum 25(OH)D below 75 nmol/L and strongly argue that in conjunction with a sufficient calcium intake, the dose of vitamin D supplementation should ensure that circulating levels of 25(OH)D reach this minimum threshold (75 nmol/L or 30 ng/mL) to maintain skeletal health.